Green hydrogen: alkaline versus PEM electrolysers?
…porous diaphragm. Instead of bubbling out as a gas on the anode side, very small amounts of oxygen may dissolve, diffuse ‘in the wrong direction’ across the porous diaphragm, and…
Prime movers: efficiency of power generation over time?
…rising to around 10% by the 1900s, to 30-50% at modern coal-fired power generation using pulverised, then critical, super-critical and ultra-critical steam. The first functioning gas turbines were constructed in…
Cost of capturing CO2 using membranes?
…100 GPU, which means 0.67 m2 of membranes are needed per m3 of feed gas per hour. This membrane also needs to be stable, without degradation, for around 5-10 years….
Global electricity prices vs. CO2 intensities?
…Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Libya), gas-rich countries running gas-heavy grids (Qatar, Russia, Algeria, Kazakhstan), and coal-rich countries running coal-heavy grids (e.g., Poland, South Africa). Conversely, countries with the most expensive electricity…
Direct reduced iron: costs and projects?
…Iron ore is heated in a shaft furnace, alongside syngas, which contains CO and H2 derived from natural gas, thereby reducing the iron oxide, while forming waste gases of H2O…
Cryogenic air separation: company screen?
Over $100bn pa of industrial gases and $5-6bn pa of cryogenic air separation plants are produced each year. This data-file is a screen of leading industrial gas companies and cryogenic…
Topsoe: autothermal reforming technology?
…founded in 1940, with 2,400 employees, $1bn of revenues in 2022 and 10% EBIT margin. Topsoe’s technology focuses include gas reforming into syngas, comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide; downstream value…
Polyester: production process?
…gasoline, tempting refiners to flow less reformate into the gasoline pool, and more reformate into BTX for chemicals, with the overall effect of lowering the input costs for PTA? Effectively,…
Demand shifting: electrical flexibility by industry?
…or time non-critical charging activities for off peak times (note here, model here). In residential heat, likewise, imagine a house that has both a gas-fired boiler and/or a heat pump…
Polyurethanes: what upside in energy transition?
…costs of polyurethane? The production costs of polyurethane will tend to average $2.5-3.0/kg at $65/bbl oil and $6/mcf input gas. Sensitivities to input oil and gas prices, and costs of…