Energy Technologies – Written Insights

Thunder Said Energy is a research firm focused on energy technologies and energy transition. We work with over 250 organizations, to help them find economic opportunities, which can improve the world’s energy system, and help the world reach ‘net zero’. We have two subscription tiers (details here). This page contains our most recent research reports (PDFs), available to clients with our written insights subscription. Please email us any time if you are looking for particular content, if we can field any questions, or focus our upcoming research into areas that will help you.

Written Insights

Global hydrocarbon resources: across the history of the world?

We have quantified global hydrocarbon resources, from first principles, in this 15-page report. We estimate how much oil, gas and coal ever formed across the total history of the world. And more importantly, we estimate how much is left. Our numbers support an energy transition from coal to gas.
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Ten themes for energy in 2H26

This 12-page report looks back at all of our research from the past year, to draw out our top ten conclusions in energy, industrials and materials. Energy volatility buoys solar and batteries. The ‘AI energy transition’ boosts the physical AI ecosystem more than the data center ecosystem?
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Delivery drones: flight trajectory?

Delivery drones are finally taking off? Pilot projects in the US are achieving strong safety records, exciting consumers and raising the prospect of sub-$1 deliveries within 10-minutes. This 13-page report explores the future impacts of delivery drones in energy, materials and capital goods.
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Electrical service agreements: how real are those data centers?

Are speculative data center projects, 80% of which will never get built, inflating future load growth forecasts? This 18-page report reviews evidence from land developer returns, recent PUC deliberations and evolving terms in Electrical Service Agreements (ESAs).
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Sodium ion batteries: comparing costs versus LFP?

Sodium is 1,000x more abundant than lithium in the Earth’s crust and 99% cheaper. So will sodium ion batteries disrupt lithium ion batteries? Not until lithium carbonate prices treble to $40/kg. Or novel SIB electrode materials emerge. This 16-page SIB deep-dive de-risks our lithium market outlook.
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Could thermoelectric materials change the world?

Next-generation thermoelectrics, if discovered by AI, could be a world-changer, converting heat to electricity at 10-50% efficiency, costing $500/kWe. 10,000 TWH of incremental electricity could be generated, worth $500-1,000bn pa. This 17-page report outlines our ‘top ten’ use cases for thermoelectrics.
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Heat potential: what if AI can load-shift hot water tanks?

Residential heat is 13% of global energy. So what if AI could optimize residential electric heating? This 16-page report finds that load-shifting hot water tanks can unlock 1.5-8.5% additional flexibility in grids and make air source heat pumps the lowest cost option for heat in Europe, eclipsing gas-combi boilers, saving $300 per household per year?
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The AI energy transition: technologies collide?

Great industrial leaps often occur when technologies collide. Hence this 20-page report explores how AI, solar, batteries and robotics might all collide together. This is transformative for the world. It represents the next “energy transition”. Hence this also becomes our new roadmap for the evolution of the global energy system.
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Seismic shift: how is AI reshaping oil exploration?

The global seismic industry is worth $10bn pa. But an additional $10bn pa of value could be unlocked by AI. This 19-page report finds promising progress with AI in seismic, uplifting the value of seismic hardware and multi-client libraries. But the theme is still in early innings. Who benefits?
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Advanced geothermal: modeling the reservoir?

How long does a geothermal well have to be to avoid thermal depletion? To answer this question, we built our own reservoir model, which is outlined in this 12-page report. Advanced Geothermal would require 10-100km laterals, which is cost prohibitive. Enhanced Geothermal or geothermal for ‘winter heating’ may fare better.
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Patent progress: how are we using AI in our research?

We have developed a new methodology to cover 4x more ground, and create novel data-sets, by using AI to enhance our analysis of patents. So how will this help us appraise energy technologies? This 11-page report covers our approach, data usage rights, energy use, and some of our favorite examples so far.
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High entropy alloys: new metal?

High Entropy Alloys are an emerging class of materials, composed of five or more elements, forming fascinating/novel lattice structures. This 18-page report reviews 100 recent HEA patents, and predicts generative AI will unlock transformational catalysts and materials in the next decade.
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Global power: what grid mix is most stable?

Energy importing countries value stable electricity prices. Hence this 18-page report evaluates the optimal grid mix, after taking stability into account? Recent gas price volatility will encourage further diversification for developed world importers, while coal+solar could dominate emerging world growth. Our forecasts are revised.
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Electrical appliances: will AI accelerate efficiency gains?

500,000 AI-related patents were filed in 2025. But electrical appliance manufacturers were particularly active. Hence we used AI ourselves, in this 14-page report, to home in on 50 key patents, which will improve efficiency and flexibility of electrical appliances using AI – in HVAC, lighting, refrigerators, TVs, etc. – which make up 50% of the grid.
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Oil price elasticity of demand: how high can oil prices go?

What is the price elasticity of oil demand — globally, by region, and by product? This 11-page report argues that a supply disruption of 10-20Mbpd magnitude, lasting for 6-12 months, pushes oil above $250/bbl, and also zeroes global GDP growth. Rationing and solar/EV substitution may cushion the impact.
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Flexible data centers: can AI load shift?

It can take 4-12 years to expand the grid and accommodate large new AI data centers. But what if more flexible data centers could be energized mostly via the pre-existing grid? This 15-page report shows how flexible AI data centers, which engage in demand shifting, are technically feasible, economically justified, and accelerating?
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Qatari LNG: the worst supply disruption in LNG history?

What if Qatar’s LNG output falls by -50% YoY in 2026, i.e., by -40MTpa, which is equivalent to a -0.4% reduction in useful global energy supplies? This 11-page report revisits all of our regional energy models, predicts how each Qatari LNG customer will fill the shortfall, and the implications for global energy markets.
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Electric ships: worse things have happened at sea?

Over 15% of the world’s marine vessels could electrify in the next decade, accelerated by higher oil prices, and as Europe/Asia seek self-sufficiency. This 16-page report explores leading concepts, 30 flagship deployments to-date, the economics, and the implications for companies/commodity markets.
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Counter-drone: can the Strait of Hormuz be re-opened?

Is it possible to re-open shipping in the Strait of Hormuz, and protect broader Persian Gulf energy infrastructure, from thousands of Iranian Shahed drones? Today’s 9-page report reviews Shahed drones, counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (cUAS), and implications across global energy markets.
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US electricity demand growth: anywhere from 1-3%?

US electricity demand growth is a crucial debate. It affects everything. To bound the uncertainty, we assessed twenty input variables, and ran a Monte Carlo, in this 16-page report. Our new base case sees +2.0% pa demand growth to 2035. Our 90% confidence interval is 1-3% pa. What implications for gas and power?
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Gallium nitride: GaN mentality?

Gallium Nitride (GaN) is a remarkable semiconductor. GaN forms a 2-Dimension Electron Gas (2DEG), with exceptional electron mobility, which supports high switching frequency, improved power quality, 50-70% lower losses and 50-70% smaller devices. It is thus a crucial enabler for large AI racks. This 13-page report reviews the technology, device costs, and future market drivers.
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Data centers in space: the final frontier model?

Data centers in space are a cool science fiction concept. This 17-page report explores how they would work. We think the costs will be 2x higher than Earth-based AI data centers. Amidst many logistical challenges, the biggest potential show-stopper is space debris, given the size of the structures, especially their solar arrays.
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Gas turbine manufacturing: eliminative materialism?

Can we model the supply and demand for gas turbines? This 21-page report presents our attempt. We ultimately see gas turbine manufacturing expansions outpacing demand growth. AI is also helping to expand. However, ‘accelerated orders’ may have distorted order books in 2025.
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Dynamic line ratings: can AI debottleneck the grid?

The carrying capacity of the power grid is not fixed, but varies with wind speeds and ambient temperatures. AI is now helping to enable Dynamic Line Ratings, unlocking 10-100%+ more capacity on some lines, effectively for free. This 18-page report explores the implications. Could DLRs avoid $100-300bn pa in future global grid capex, and thus debottleneck the rise of AI itself?
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Circular economy: is AI a game changer?

10 companies have recently launched AI-enabled robotics to recover value from the world’s 2.3GTpa of solid waste. Picking rates are 4x faster than humans. c1-year paybacks are quoted. Hence today’s 17-page report explores the implications for gas, power, metals, materials and oil markets, amidst a step-change in the circular economy.
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Gas generation: timing the cycle?

Gas-fired power generating capacity is in a classic capital cycle. This 16-page report evaluates when the cycle will peak. Gas power demand wants to rise at 3.8% pa through 2050. But high CCGT prices may delay EM growth, bring in new entrants, and substitution towards reciprocating engines.
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Solid state circuit breakers: another AI enabler?

Further upscaling of AI is only possible via improved power electronics. Hence this 17-page report explores solid state circuit breakers, which offer 1,000x faster fault protection and greater controllability. How do SSCBs work? What do they cost? Who benefits? And who is displaced?
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Suburbification: energy upside?

The internet/AI era is pushing people out of dense urban centers into suburbs and exurbs, whose residents use 2-5x more oil and energy. This 15-page report reviews population density data from 3,150 US counties. Suburbification and exurbification have already been adding 0.2-0.8% pa to oil demand, which is seen accelerating further.
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AI power delivery: hit by a bus?

Providing power to AI data centers was a key theme in 2025. But distributing power within them may be just as important for 2026+. More power-dense AI chips require upgrading in-rack buses from 54V to 800V. This 14-page report explores the challenges and opportunities of future AI power delivery architectures.
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Ten Themes for Energy in 2026

2026 will be a year of recalibration. Long-standing theses/trends will break down: including for oil, LNG, geopolitics, EVs, solar, power markets and decarbonization. Energy markets swing from 1% oversupply in 2025, to undersupply in 2027. So which materials and strategies will fare best?
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Global oil demand: no peaking?

Global oil demand was once meant to peak out in 2024-30. But 2025 saw almost 1Mbpd of growth, to 104Mbpd. 2026 should see over 1Mbpd of growth, amplified by a YoY pullback in EV sales. Hence this 15-page report revisits peak global oil demand and sees global refinery utilization tightening by 3-5%.
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Mobile robotics: the genie and the bottle?

The idea for this report was to dream up interesting uses for autonomous mobile robotics in the future, including in energy and mining. But to our amazement, many of these ideas are already being piloted. We reviewed the pilots in this 18-page report. They suggest transformational economic impacts and moderate energy/materials upside.
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Autonomous transport: the Leipzig test?

This 13-page report explores the upside in autonomous transport. We were recently invited to a fascinating company event in Leipzig, Germany. But it was too complex to reach by flying. It would have been doable in an autonomous vehicle, albeit using 2x more energy overall. So could autonomous vehicles unlock 5Mbpd of global oil demand upside?
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Roadmap to net zero: 2025 and beyond?

This 19-page report explores the world’s progress towards net zero, amidst the harsh economic reality of 2025+. Which decarbonization technologies are still progressing, which are scaling back, and why? What if the current trajectory is ultimately seen to be enough?
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Energy storage: to infinity and beyond?

Lithium ion batteries are now so deeply entrenched that we doubt any new electrochemistry can supplant them. This 23-page report asks where are the opportunities now in batteries? Could any futuristic batteries with quasi-infinite capacity, such as quantum batteries, power inter-seasonal storage or long-distance aviation?
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AI data centers: bit count?

How many data centers will there be? How big will the biggest AI data centers be? Where should they be located? And do recent announcements connote upside or downside risks? This 15-page report forecasts the build-out of AI data centers, using bottom-up data, statistical distributions and economic modeling.
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Industrial heat: can heat pumps compete?

Could industrial heat pumps accelerate, especially due to excess renewables, thereby stoking load growth, and displacing natural gas? This 14-page report finds the economics are more challenging than expected. Heat pumps fare best in specific contexts. Load growth mainly hinges on AI.
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Power markets: classical economics?

This 15-page report outlines how wholesale power markets work, which helps to understand four emerging controversies. Wholesale power prices are governed by classic microeconomics: day-ahead markets clear at the intersection of downward sloping demand curves and upward sloping supply curves.
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Autonomous-ready sensors: the LiDAR debate?

The sensors used for advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and increasingly for autonomous vehicles, offer useful lessons for AI, robotics and mining. Hence this 17-page report revisits the debate between LiDAR vs cameras, radar and ultrasound. Hardware must compete on cost and performance. But who benefits from deflation?
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Can solar provide round-the-clock power for data-centers?

This 15-page report models the costs of powering AI data centers, and other round-the-clock loads, using only solar and batteries, plus a “penalty” of 100-600 c/kWh for unmet demand. In some locations, solar+batteries will out-compete gas in the future? But an ocean of excess power gets thrown out?
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Shorter Insights

Going autonomous: Martin Viecha & Rob West podcast

This podcast explores the future of autonomous mobility, via a discussion between Martin Viecha, founder and CEO of MV Motion, and Rob West, founder and lead analyst of Thunder Said Energy. Autonomous mobility is potentially now at a biting point for transforming urban mobility, accelerating urban EVs, and also oil demand for long-distance autonomous ICEs?
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Energy transition: classic blunders?!

Classic blunders famously include “never start a land war in Asia” and “never go up against a Sicilian when death is on the line”. But this video sets out what we believe are the three classic blunders that should be avoided by energy analysts, and in the energy transition, based on our own experiences over the past 15-years.
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Grid-forming inverters: islands in the sun?

The grid-forming inverter market may soon inflect from $1bn to $15-20bn pa, to underpin most grid-scale batteries, and 20-40% of incremental solar and wind. This 11-page report finds that grid-forming inverters cost c$100/kW more than grid-following inverters, which is inflationary, but integrate more renewables, raise resiliency and efficiency?
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Commodity intensity of global GDP in 30 key charts?

The commodity intensity of global GDP has fallen at -1.2% over the past half-century, as incremental GDP is more services-oriented. So is this effect adequately reflected in our commodity outlooks? This 4-page report plots past, present and forecasted GDP intensity factors, for 30 commodities, from 1973->2050. Oil is anomalous. And several commodities show rising GDP intensity.
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Solar plus batteries: the case for co-deployment?

This 9-page study finds unexpectedly strong support for co-deploying grid-scale batteries together with solar. The resultant output is stable, has synthetic inertia, is easier to interconnect in bottlenecked grids, and can be economically justified. What upside for grid-scale batteries?
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Long-duration storage: dirtier than gas peakers?

The CO2 credentials of long-duration batteries may be as bad as 0.35-2.0 kg/kWh, which is worse than gas peakers, or even than coal power. Grid-scale batteries are best deployed in high-frequency applications, to maximize power quality, downstream of renewables. But we were surprised to find that there is almost no net climate benefit from turning off gas peakers in favor of long-duration, low-utilization batteries.
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Energy research in the age of AI?

How will AI change the research and investment worlds? Our view is that large language models (LLMs) will soon surpass human analysts in assimilating and summarizing information. Hence this video explores three areas where human analysts can continue to earn their keep, and possibly even help decision-makers beat the ‘consensus engines’.
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LNG trucks: Asian equation?

LNG trucking is more expensive than diesel trucking in the developed world. But Asian trucking markets are different, especially China, where exponentially accelerating LNG trucks will displace 150kbpd of oil demand in 2024. This 8-page note explores the costs of LNG trucking and sees 45MTpa of LNG displacing 1Mbpd of diesel?
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Can solar reach 45% of a power grid?

Can solar reach 45% of a power grid? This has been one of the biggest pushbacks we received on a recent research note, scoring solar potential by country, where we argued that the best regions – California, Australia – would reach 45% solar by 2050. Hence today’s short article explores what a 45% solar grid might look like, using data from our solar insolation model.
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AI and power grid bottlenecks?

The number one topic in energy this year has been the rise of AI. Which might not seem like an energy topic. Yet it is inextricably linked with power grid bottlenecks, the single biggest issue for energy markets in the mid-late 2020s. The goal of today’s video is to recap our key conclusions. There is an accompanying presentation for TSE clients, plus links to our underlying work.
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Methane leaks: by gas source and use

Methane leakage rates in the gas industry vary by source and use. Across our build-ups, the best-placed value chains are using Marcellus gas in CCGTs (0.2% methane leakage, equivalent to 6kg/boe, 1kg/mcfe, or +2% on Scope 3 emissions) and/or Permian gas in LNG or blue hydrogen value chains (0.3%). Residential gas use is likely closer to 0.8-1.2%, which is 4-6kg/mcfe, or higher as this is where leaks are most likely under-reported.
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Maxwell’s demon: computation is energy?

Computation, the internet and AI are inextricably linked to energy. Information processing literally is an energy flow. This note explains the physics, from Maxwell’s demon, to the entropy of information, to the efficiency of computers.
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Electric adventures: conclusions from an EV road trip?

It is a rite of passage for every energy analyst to rent an electric vehicle for an EV road trip, then document their observations and experiences. Our conclusions are that range anxiety is real, chargers benefit retailers, economics are debatable, power grids will be the biggest bottleneck and our EV growth forecasts are not overly optimistic.
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European gas: anatomy of an energy crisis?

Europe suffered a full-blown energy crisis in 2022, hence what happened to gas demand, as prices rose 5x from 2019 levels? European gas demand in 2022 fell -13% overall, including -13% for heating, -6% for electricity and -17% for industry. The data suggest upside to for European gas, global LNG and gas as the leading backup to renewables.
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LNG ramp-rates: MTpa per month and volatility?

What are the typical ramp-rates of LNG plants, and how volatile are these ramp-ups? We have monthly data on serveral facilities in our LNG models, implying 4-5MTpa LNG trains ramp at +0.7MTpa/month, with a +/- 35% monthly volatility around this trajectory. Thus do LNG ramps create upside for energy traders?
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Email deliverability: who broke the internet?

This video explains email mailing lists, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, lessons learned over 15-years, and an unfortunate issue from December that prevented 4,000 subscribers from receiving our research. We’re sorry. We’ve fixed it! And some comments follow below to make sure important research reaches you.
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Energy transition from first principles?

Our top three questions in the energy transition are depicted above. Hence we have become somewhat obsessed with analyzing the energy transition from first principles, to help our clients understand the global energy system, understand new energy technologies and understand key industries. 
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Energy transition: three reflections on 2023?

In October-2022, we wrote that high interest rates could create an ‘unbridled disaster’ for new energies in 2023. So where could we have done better in helping our clients to navigate this challenging year? Our new year’s resolutions are clearer conclusions, predictions over moralizations, and looking through macro noise to keep long-term mega-trends in mind.
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Thermodynamics of prime movers: energy from first principles?

A highlight of 2023 has been going back to first principles, to explain the underpinnings of prime movers in the global energy system. If you understand the thermodynamics of prime movers, you will inevitably conclude that the world is evolving towards solar, semi-conductors, electro-magnetic motors, lithium batteries and high-grade gas turbines.
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Grid-scale battery costs: $/kW or $/kWh?

Grid-scale battery costs can be measured in $/kW or $/kWh terms. Thinking in kW terms is more helpful for modelling grid resiliency. A good rule of thumb is that grid-scale lithium ion batteries will have 4-hours of storage duration, as this minimizes per kW costs and maximizes the revenue potential from power price arbitrage.
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Energy transition: active duty?

After five years researching the energy transition, we believe it favors active managers. Within the energy transition, active managers can add value by ranging across this vast mega-trend, balancing risk factors in a portfolio, timing volatility, understanding complexity, unearthing specific opportunities and benchmarking ESG leaders and laggards.
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Levelized costs: real issues?

Real levelized costs can be a misleading metric. The purpose of today’s short note is simply to inform decision-makers who care about levelized costs. Our own modelling preference is to compare costs, on a flat pricing basis, using apples-to-apples assumptions across our economic models.
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US natural gas: blue hydrogen tightens global LNG markets?

Blue hydrogen value chains are starting to boom in the US, as they are technically ready, low cost, and are now receiving enormous economic support from the Inflation Reduction Act. But will this divert gas away from expanding US LNG, raise global LNG prices above $20/mcf and impact global energy markets more than expected?
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Industrial materials: thermodynamic efficiency?

The thermodynamic efficiency of materials production averages 20%, within an interquartile range of 5% to 50%. There is most room for improvement in complex value chains. And very different energy costs for blue vs green H2.
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Energy economics: engineering wonders?

Many questions that matter in the energy transition are engineering questions, which flow through to energy economics: which technologies work, what do they cost, what energy penalties they have, and which materials do they use? We see an intersection for economics and engineering in our energy transition research.
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Energy transition: investment strategies?

Investing involves being paid to take risk. And we think energy transition investing involves being paid to take ten distinct risks, which determine justified returns. This note argues that investors should consider these risk premia, which ones they will seek out, and which ones they will avoid.
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Green hydrogen: alkaline versus PEM electrolysers?

This note spells out the top ten differences between alkaline and PEM electrolysers. The lowest cost green hydrogen will likely come from alkaline electrolysers in nuclear/hydro-heavy grids. If hydrogen is to back up wind/solar, it would likely require PEMs.
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Research philosophy: what makes great research?

One of TSE’s clients asked if Rob would present to their team on the topic of “what makes great research?”. We do not have any delusions of grandeur on this front. But this video nevertheless makes for a nice summary. (1) Ask simple questions, (2) Make complex issues simpler (3) Earn trust (aka be wrong for the right reasons).
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How does methane increase global temperature?

How does methane increase global temperature? This article outlines the theory. The formulae suggest 0.7 W/m2 of radiative forcing and 0.35ºC of warming has occurred due to methane leaks, which is 20-30% of the total. There are controversies and uncertainties. But ramping gas is still heavily justified in a practical roadmap to net zero.
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How does CO2 increase global temperature?

The purpose of this short article is to explain mathematical formulas linking global temperature to the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. In other words, our goal is to settle upon a simple equation, explaining how CO2 causes global warming. In turn, this is why our roadmap to net zero aims to reach ‘net zero’ by 2050, stabilize atmospheric CO2 below 450ppm, and we believe this scenario is compatible with 2ºC of warming.
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Energy transition: a six page summary from summer-2022?

“It provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance.” That is the porter’s view of alcohol in Act II Scene III of Macbeth. It is also our view of 2022’s impact on the energy transition. Our resultant outlook is captured in six concise pages, published in the Walter Scott Journal in Summer-2022.
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Energy transition: five reflections after 3.5 years?

This video covers our top five reflections after 3.5 years, running a research firm focused on energy transition. The greatest value is found in low-cost decarbonization technologies, resource bottlenecks and hidden nuances and bottom-up opportunities.
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All the coal in China: our top ten charts?

Chinese coal provides 15% of the world’s energy, equivalent to 4 Saudi Arabia’s worth of oil. Global energy markets may become 10% under-supplied if this output plateaus per our ‘net zero’ scenario. Alternatively, might China ramp its coal, especially as Europe bids harder for renewables and LNG post-Russia? This note presents our ‘top ten’ charts.
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Battle of the batteries: EVs vs grid storage?

Who will ‘win’ the intensifying competition for finite lithium ion batteries, in a world that is hindered by shortages of lithium, graphite, nickel and cobalt in 2022-25? Today’s note argues EVs should outcompete grid-scale storage by a factor of 2-4x.
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Energy shortages: medieval horrors?

Energy shortages are gripping the world in 2022. The 1970s are one analogy. But the 14th century was truly medieval. Today’s note reviews its top ten features. This is not a romantic portrayal of pre-industrial civilization, some simpler time “before fossil fuels”. It is a horror show of deficiencies. Avoiding energy shortages should be a core ESG goal.
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Helion: linear fusion breakthrough?

Helion is developing a linear fusion reactor, which has entirely re-thought the technology (like the ‘Tesla of nuclear fusion’). It could have costs of 1-6c/kWh, be deployed at 50-200MWe modular scale and overcome many challenges of tokamaks. Progress so far includes 100MºC and a $2.2bn fund-raise, the largest of any private fusion company to-date. This note sets out its ‘top ten’ features.
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Oil and War: ten conclusions from WWII?

The second world war was decided by oil. Each country’s war-time strategy was dictated by its availability, quality and attempts to secure more of it, including by rationing non-critical uses of it. Ultimately, halting the oil meant halting the war. Today’s short note outlines out top ten conclusions from reviewing the history.
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Russia conflict: pain and suffering?

This 13-page note presents 10 hypotheses on Russia’s horrific conflict. Energy supplies will very likely get disrupted, as Putin no longer needs to break the will of Ukraine, but also the West. Results include energy rationing and economic pain. Climate goals get shelved in this war-time scramble. Pragmatism, nuclear and LNG emerge from the ashes. 
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Energy transition: hierarchy of needs?

This gloomy video explores growing fears that the energy transition could ‘fall apart’ in the mid-late 2020s, due to energy shortages and geopolitical discord. Constructive solutions will include debottlenecking resource-bottlenecks, efficiency technologies and natural gas pragmatism.
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Sitka spruce: our top ten facts?

Sitka spruce is a fast-growing conifer, which now dominates UK forestry, and sequesters net CO2 up to 2x faster than mixed broadleaves. It can absorb 6-10 tons of CO2 per acre per year, at Yield Classes 16-30+, on 40 year rotations. This short note lays out our top ten conclusions, including benefits, drawbacks and implications.
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