Industry Data
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Cellular networks: how much energy consumption?
The energy consumption of global cellular networks is estimated at 250TWH pa in this data-file, by tabulating the deployment of 5G base stations, and other cellular towers, region-by-region. This matters as physical AI may require more cellular connections, across autonomous vehicles, drones and robotics.
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Commodity prices: metals, materials and chemicals?
Annual commodity prices are tabulated in this database for 70 material commodities, as a useful reference file; covering steel prices, other metal prices, chemicals prices, polymer prices, with data going back to 2012, all compared in $/ton. We have updated the data-file for 2025 data in April-2026.
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Global heat pump sales by country?
Global heat pump sales by country are tabulated in this data-file, for 14 countries/regions. Developed world heat pump sales rose at an 11% CAGR over the decade since 2012, reaching 6.5M units sold in 2022, but then unexpectedly fell by -10% to 2024. 2025 has seen the start of a recovery, with sales rising 4%…
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Renewables plus batteries: co-deployments over time?
More and more renewables projects are being co-developed with battery storage. On average, projects in 2026-30 that codeploy batteries will supplement each MW of renewables capacity with 0.8MW of battery capacity, which in turn offered 4-hours of energy storage per MW of battery capacity, for 3.3 MWH of energy storage per MW of renewables.
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Passenger cars: what electrical loads in vehicles?
Electrical loads in vehicles typically average 1kW, in order to power HVAC, computers, engine cooling, steering, sensors and entertainment. This equates to 500TWH of electricity demand globally within ICEs, even before considering electrification. Fully autonomous vehicles would likely consume another 1-3kW again for on-board AI chips.
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Industrial insulation: heat losses and temperatures?
This data-file is a calculator for steam pipe insulation, calculating heat losses and external temperatures of hot surfaces from first principles, as a function of the industrial insulation thickness. Higher energy prices incentivize additional insulation, although there can be diminishing returns.
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Residential heating energy from first principles?
This data-file models residential heating energy from first principles, taking an example in Northern Europe, for a house with 150m2 floor space, requiring 15MWth of heat (space heating and hot water), which is met by consuming 5MWH-e pa in a heat pump, costing $1,500/year. But this can also be optimized.
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Refining self-sufficiency by country?
Which countries are self-sufficient in refining capacity? Which countries export oil products? And which are least self-reliant, thus needing to import oil products, and potentially facing shortfalls in disrupted markets? This data-file estimates global oil refining self-sufficiency by country.
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Global shale basins: resources and production?
Global shale basins are currently producing 12Mbpd of liquids and 110bcfd of gas, across over 20 basins, with over 1 trn bbls of oil resources and 13,000 TCF of gas resources. 3% of all global shale resource has been produced to date. This data-file tabulates resources and production across each basin.
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Mature oil basins: an ocean of oil still to find?
There is an ocean of oil (and gas) still to find, even in some of the most mature hydrocarbon basins in the world, but finding it will almost certainly require improved seismic, possibly enhanced by AI, as shown by this case study, tracking the sizes of oil resources, discovered off Norway, from 1969 to present.
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