Search results for: “heat pumps”
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NuScale: small modular reactor breakthrough?
NuScale is developing a small modular nuclear reactor (SMR), producing 77MWe of power. It is the first SMR design to win US regulatory approval and the first plant is being built in Romania for 2028. NuScale’s patents scored well on our framework.
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European energy use: by industry, by fuel, by country?
Europe comprises 7% of the world’s population, and 17% of its energy use. The purpose of this data-file is to disaggregate the energy use across 25 industries, six energy types and 28 countries. The data-file were updated in 2025, reflecting lagged Eurostat data from 2023.
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Urea production: the economics
This data-file captures the economics of producing urea, an important fertilizer and intermediate material. We estimate a marginal cost of $325/ton, based on $2/mcf-e energy inputs. CO2 intensity is 1.5 tons/ton. But costs will increase well above $800/ton during times of energy shortages.
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Manufacturing methods: an overview?
An of overview of manufacturing methods is given in this data-file. Costs are 70% correlated with energy intensity, ranging from well below 0.3 MWH/ton to well above 7MWH/ton. The lowest cost techniques take place at huge throughput in the mining industry, while the most intricate are used in semiconductor.
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X Energy: nuclear fuel breakthrough?
X-Energy is a next-generation nuclear company, progressing a demonstration project in Washington State, due to start up in 2027. The key innovation is using TRISO fuels, whose manufacturing is locked up with a concentrated patent library. Long-term costs are suggested at 6c/kWh.
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Energy history: how much wood can be cut in a day?
How much wood can be cut in a day? We review 500-years of industrial history. In medieval times, a manorial tenant might have gathered 250kg of fallen branches in a day. A modern feller-buncher is 150x more productive. But a modern energy analyst is little better than a medieval peasant, and harvesting wood as a…
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Decarbonized gas: ship LNG out, take CO2 back?
This note explores an option to decarbonize global LNG: (i) capture the CO2 from combusting natural gas (ii) liquefy it, including heat exchange with the LNG regas stream, then (iii) then send the liquid CO2 back for disposal in the return journey of the LNG tanker. There are some logistical headaches, but no technical show-stoppers.…
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Thermodynamic cycles: Carnot, Brayton and Rankine Data?
This data-file contains some simple PV plots and TS plots from different thermodynamic cycles, such as the Carnot Cycle, Brayton Cycle, Rankine Cycle and Otto Cycles.
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Hydrogen: overview and conclusions?
We think the best opportunities in hydrogen will be to decarbonize gas at source via blue and turquoise hydrogen, displacing ‘black hydrogen’ that currently comes from coal, and to produce small-scale feedstock on site via electrolysis for select industries. Others see green hydrogen as a cornerstone of the future energy system. We think there may…
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Tree seedlings: costs and economics?
The US plants over 1.3bn tree seedlings per year. Especially pine. These seedlings are typically 8-10 months old, with heights of 25-30mm, root collars of 5mm, and total mass of 5-10 grams, having been grown by dedicated producers. This data-file captures the costs of tree seedlings, to support afforestation, reforestation or broader forestry.
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