the research consultancy for energy technologies
…hard to decarbonize due to limits on the energy density of lithium ion batteries and myriad issues with hydrogen-based fuels. Non-OECD oil demand has risen from 35Mbpd in 2005 to…
…is not dissimilar from the economics of lithium ion batteries (recent notes here and here). Inputs to the data-file include an overview of past projects and technical papers, in order…
…also requires overcoming bottlenecks in lithium, fluorinated polymers, battery-grade nickel, graphite, copper, Rare Earth Metals and SiC. Mechanically, you can also multiply the number of vehicles discussed in this note…
…reactors. For example, a blast furnace can reach 1,100-1,600ºC. Cement plants decompose CaCO3 into clinker at 1,400-1,500ºC. Mined lithium ores are roasted at 1,100ºC to change the crystal structures of…
…for key materials used in batteries, motors and traction inverters, such as lithium, fluorinated polymers, battery-grade nickel, graphite, copper, Rare Earth Metals and SiC. Retirement rates of vehicles depend on…
…combustion, AI-supported concentrated solar, direct lithium extraction and nuclear fusion. The average technology in our screen has only gained 0.12 rungs of the TRL ladder per year, especially mechanical-chemical technologies,…
…earths for wind turbines; and lithium and SiC MOSFETs for electric vehicles. Ultimately these value chains also need to decarbonize in some non-inflationary way, which is a focus in our…
…lower than hydrocarbons. This makes it slower to ramp up steam engines and steam power plants. Lower carbon fuels have lower energy density and more variable combustion qualities. Lithium ion…
…this volatility profile is well suited to be backed up by super-capacitors, directly, or in combination with other batteries such as lithium ion. So do case studies show increasing deployment…
…10GTpa). This includes substantively all of the world’s metals, from copper, to lithium, to nickel, to graphite, to iron ore, to PGMs, to Rare Earths. It also includes over 1GTpa…