Search results for: “\"Rare earth\" \"Rare earths\"”
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Solvent extraction: Rare Earth separations?
How are Rare Earths separated and concentrated? The process uses solvent extraction in mixer-settlers. It will typically cost over $10/kg, and possibly in the hundreds of dollars per kg. Solvent extraction costs are highly variable and can be stress-tested in this data-file.
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Rare Earth market: by metal, by use, by value?
The global Rare Earth market is 390kTpa of mined Rare Earth Oxide equivalents, which is processed to yield 150kTpa of sellable Rare Earth materials, with a value of $7bn pa. But “price” is not “value”. This data-file breaks down the global Rare Earth market, by metal, by price (in $/kg), by volume (in Tpa), and…
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Rare earth companies: screen of miners and refiners?
This screen of Rare Earth miners and refiners captures 20 Rare Earth companies, their flagship projects, and economic parameters such as capex, ore grades, end products and NPVs. A vibrant landscape is evolving, especially for NdPr and DyTb, although the market is still risking pre-produdction projects heavily.
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REEcycle: rare earth recycling from magnets?
Rare Earth recycling may recover Rare Earths at 50% lower costs and with over 90% less energy and CO2 than primary production, as long as the recycling process is simple, and only requires a small quantity of readily available commodity chemicals. This is exemplified by patents from REEcycle, which can recover over 90% of the…
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Rare Earth mining and refining: the economics?
The costs of Rare Earth mining and refining are captured in this model, requiring a $70/kg blended product price, to generate a 20% IRR on $150,000/Tpa of capex. Primary energy intensity exceeds 100 MWH/ton and CO2 intensity exceeds 20 tons/ton. Economics are particularly sensitive to ore grade, recovery rates and chemical costs.
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Electric vehicles: motors and magnets?
This data-file assesses electric vehicle magnets, permanent magnets and the use of Rare Earth materials such as neodymium (NdFeB). 80-90% of recent EVs have used Rare Earth permanent magnets, averaging 1.5 kg per vehicle, or 7.5g/kW of drive-train power, across the data-file. But the numbers vary vastly. From 0-4 kg per vehicle. 20 vehicles from…
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Wind turbine generators: DFIGs or Rare Earth magnets?
Wind turbines can use doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) or permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) based around Rare Earth metals. This data-file captures the trends in DFIGs vs PMSGs over time by tabulating 40 examples, as turbines have grown larger, and different wind turbine manufacturers have adopted different strategies.
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Radioactivity of materials: energy, Rare Earths and nuclear?
This data-file captures the radioactivity of materials: ranging from 10Bq/kg in sea-water, to 100Bq/kg in humans, to 300Bq/kg in Brazil nuts (the most radioactivity food), to 1,000Bq/kg in coal ash, 2,000Bq/kg in copper tailings, 0.5-1MBq/kg in Rare Earth concentrates and tailings, to 4M Bq/kg in uranium ore, 0.2 bn Bq/kg in nuclear fuel and 10-100…
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Magnets and permanent magnets: company screen?
The global magnet industry is fragmented across hundreds of suppliers, including 800 in Asia-Pacific. The total market is worth $20bn pa. The purpose of this data-file is to highlight a dozen leading magnet companies, including producers of permanent magnets, Rare Earth magnets (e.g., NdFeB), ferrites and other magnetic components.
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Yttria-stabilized zirconia: sticker shock?
Global yttrium output is just 10-15kTpa, worth $100M pa, of which c90% is controlled by China. Yet a supply disruption for this critical metal could have ripple effects comparable to an oil shock: de-railing developed world load growth, aircraft manufacturing and the rise of AI? This 15-page report tells the story of yttria-stabilized zirconia, explores…
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