LNG
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Nitrogen rejection units: LNG cost impacts?
Some gas feeds contain 3-10% nitrogen content, and thus LNG plants will require dedicated Nitrogen Rejection Units, to ensure the resultant cargoes can be safely and efficiently transported. Nitrogen rejection units can add $0.3-0.7/mcf to the final delivered costs of LNG, based on calculations in this data-file.
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Global LNG: transformed supply chain?
The global LNG supply chain has been through a major transformation: restructurings, ramifying process technologies, the rise of BAHXs, and for the first time in 2025+, a truly integrated equipment supplier. Are terms of trade improving for project developers? Who wins future order flow? This 16-page report contains our outlook.
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LNG liquefaction: the economics?
This model captures the economics of a typical LNG liquefaction project. In our base case, a greenfield LNG project costing $900/Tpa in capex must charge a $4/mcf liquefaction spread for a 10% IRR. $3.5/mcf input gas prices thus result in $7.5/mcf LNG on the water. Numbers can be stress-tested in the file.
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LNG supply chain: by company by component?
This data-file breaks down the global LNG supply chain, by company, by component, by assessing 50 LNG projects from 2014 to 2030, who won the order flow, for which components, and at what price. The LNG supply chain has gone through unprecedented upheaval, ramification and re-integration.
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Alaska LNG: project economics?
Alaska LNG project economics are captured in this data-file, capable of landing gas into Asia at $9/mcf while also earning a 10% project-level IRR, as long as the total project can be delivered on time and on budget at $44bn. Inflation to $60bn erodes the IRR to 6% or requires a $12/mcf landed price into…
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LNG plant compressors: chilling goes electric?
Electric motors were selected, in lieu of industry-standard gas turbines, to power the main refrigeration compressors at three of the four new LNG projects that took FID in 2024. Hence is a major change underway in the LNG industry? This 13-page report covers the costs of e-LNG, advantages and challanges, and who benfits from shifting…
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LNG plant compression: gas drives vs electric motors?
This data-file compares the costs of refrigerant compression at LNG plants, using gas turbines, electric motors powered by on-site CCGTs, or electric motors powered by renewable electricity. eLNG has higher capex costs, but higher efficiency, lower opex, and short payback times. Numbers in $/mcf and $/MTpa can be stress-tested in the data-file.
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LNG trucks: Asian equation?
LNG trucking is more expensive than diesel trucking in the developed world. But Asian trucking markets are different, especially China, where exponentially accelerating LNG trucks will displace 150kbpd of oil demand in 2024. This 8-page note explores the costs of LNG trucking and sees 45MTpa of LNG displacing 1Mbpd of diesel?
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Energy trading: value in volatility?
Could renewables increase hydrocarbon realizations? Or possibly even double the value in flexible LNG portfolios? Our reasoning in this 14-page report includes rising regional arbitrages, and growing volatility amidst lognormal price distributions (i.e., prices deviate more to the upside than the downside). What implications and who benefits?
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Liquefied CO2 carriers: CO2 shipping costs?
This model captures the economics of a CO2 carrier, i.e., a large marine vessel, carrying liquefied CO2, at -50ºC temperature and 6-10 bar pressure, for CCS. A good rule of thumb is seaborne CO2 shipping costs are $8/ton/1,000-miles. Shipping rates of $100k/day yield a 10% IRR on a c$150M tanker.
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