Bio-coke: energy economics?
Bio-coke is a source of carbon and energy for steel-making, and other smelting operations where metal oxides need to be reduced to pure metals. Bio-coke differs from conventional coal-coke or…
Steel production: costs and energy economics?
…using coke as a reducing agent, and emitting CO2 in the process. Pig iron is then further processed into steel in an adjacent basic oxygen furnace. This pathway underpins 70%…
Phosphoric acid production costs?
…sulfuric acid. CO2 intensity is 0.6 tons/ton. However, the numbers depend on product purity. There is also a 10x higher-carbon, yet potentially lower-cost process, using coke in China. These variations…
Biochar: burnt offerings?
…stood out for our screening work. Additional data-files. The economics of biochar production are modeled here. Companies producing biochar are screened here. The related theme of bio-coke is modeled here….
Global coal production: supply outlook in energy transition?
…here. Metallurgical coal may be particularly challenging to substitute. We have reviewed the costs of green steel here. We have seen some interesting but smaller-scale options in bio-coke. We have…