Average home sizes: living space per person?
…shared between 3.5 inhabitants, which equates to an average of 20m2 of living space per capita. There is a direct linear relationship between income per capita and living space per…
Electrochemistry: redox potential?
…anode was zinc metal, bathed in an electrolyte of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, or strictly 2H+ and SO42-). An outpouring of electrons, or in other words a direct current, could be…
Cool customers: AI data-centers and industrial HVAC?
…the Middle East? Answers for core cooling and overall data-centers are on pages 8-9. Immersion cooling may offer advantages over direct-to-chip cooling, and thus gain market share, for reasons outlined…
Companies buying nature-based carbon offsets?
…projects, 2.5x more prevalent than forest conservation. 70% are undertaken indirectly through partners, versus 30% undertaken directly. 95% of indirect projects have sought third-party verification, while 60% of direct projects…
HVDC power transmission: the economics?
HVDC costs? This model captures the economics of transporting electricity (especially from renewable sources, such as wind and solar), over vast distances, using high voltage direct current power cables (HVDCs)….
US decarbonization: energy and CO2 emissions?
The US consumes 25,000 TWH of primary energy per year, which equates to 13,000 TWH of useful energy, and emits 6GTpa of CO2. This model captures our best estimates for…
Renewables: can oil and gas assets “demand shift”?
…an expansion of cogen capacity at large industrial assets, as a counter-balance to the overbuilding of renewables. We argue this remains one of the most exciting and direct ways to…
Energy infrastructure: labor intensity?
…both specialized equipment and have huge labor demands. Traditional infrastructure mega-projects are most labor-intensive, possibly employing 10,000+ people to build airports, railways, Olympic stadia. Refining and chemicals, surprisingly, are the…
Coal-to-gas switching: what CO2 abatement cost?
…1.1 c/kWh-th. Thus the excess cost of natural gas was around 0.4 c/kWh-th. Directly substituting coal fuel for gas fuel therefore incurred a cost of $20/ton of CO2 that was…
Remote possibilities: working from home?
…looking profession-by-profession across the entire US labor force, and considering new technologies (pages 9-13). Direct energy impacts save 1bn tons of annual CO2. Impacts on oil, gas and electricity demand…