Blue steel: construction boom?
…of CO2 per ton of finished steel (model here) (page 5). Technological maturity is another factor. DRI+EAF is an alternate steel-making pathway, which already underpins 120MTpa of global steel production….
Global steel supply-demand model?
Global steel supply-demand runs at 2GTpa in 2023, having doubled since 2003. Our best estimate is that steel demand rises another 80%, to 3.6GTpa by 2050, including due to the…
Green steel: circular reference?
Steel explains almost c10% of global CO2. Hence 2021 has seen the world’s first ‘green steel’ made using green hydrogen. Yet inflation worries us. At $7.5/kg H2, green steel would…
Steel production: costs and energy economics?
This data-file captures steel production costs and CO2 intensities in an integrated blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace steelworks, as underpins 70% of today’s 2GTpa global steel output. Our base…
Electrasteel: renewable steel breakthrough?
…since 2012. 70% of steel is made in blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces, in a pathway that emits over 2 tons of CO2 per ton of finished steel (model…
Boston Metal: molten oxide electrolysis of steel?
…industry emits over 2 tons of CO2 per ton of steel (model here), as it produces 2GTpa of steel materials (steel research here), which equates to total CO2 emissions of…
Green steel: circular reference?
Steel explains almost c10% of global CO2. Hence 2021 has seen the world’s first ‘green steel’ made using green hydrogen. Yet inflation worries us. At $7.5/kg H2, green steel would…
Electric arc furnaces for lower-carbon steel production?
…scrap steel, with 85% lower CO2 emissions than primary steel production. Our base case model yields a 15% IRR at $475/ton steel prices. However, the timing is flexible. Hence the…
Blue steel: construction boom?
The DRI+EAF pathway already underpins 6% of global steel output, with 50% lower CO2 than blast furnaces. But could IRA incentives encourage another boom here? Blue hydrogen can reduce CO2…
Commodity prices: metals, materials and chemicals?
…Steel prices reached ten-year highs in 2022, averaging $2,000/ton across the different steel grades that are assessed in the data-file. This matters as 2GTpa of steel form one of the…