Batteries
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Lithium: global demand forecasts?
This data-file estimates global lithium demand amidst the ramp of electric vehicles, the rise of AI/robotics, and integrates with our oil market models. The data are disaggregated across electric vehicles, new vehicle types, consumer electronics, grid-scale batteries and conventional material uses.
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Electric vehicle charging: the economics?
An electric vehicle charging station typically needs to charge 20-25 c/kWh, to earn a 10% return on its up-front capex costs, as it buys power for 10c/kWh and sells it on to electric vehicles with 10-50% utilization rates. Larger, fast-chargers seem most economic. Especially where retail revenues support the economics of EV-charging.
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Battery energy storage systems: capacity forecasts?
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) encompass grid-scale batteries, and smaller commercial and residential battery storage systems. Both are captured in this 100-line data-file, globally, by region, over time, in annual terms, in cumulative terms, in GWH terms and in GW terms.
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Solar+battery co-deployments: cost profiles?
Solar+battery co-deployments allow a large and volatile solar asset to produce a moderate-sized and non-volatile power output, during 40-50% of all the hours throughout a calendar year. The smooth output is easier to integrate with power grids, including with a smaller grid connection. The battery will realistically cycle 100-300 times per year.
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Supercapacitors: the economics?
The costs of supercapacitors are tabulated in this data-file, with a typical system storing 15-seconds of electricity, for a capex cost around $10,000/kWh of energy but just $40/kW of power. Hence for short-duration, but very frequent and fast-acting voltage regulation, supercapacitors may be highly competitive with lithium ion batteries and flywheels. Numbers can be stress-tested…
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Economics of flywheels: fast frequency response?
The economics of flywheels can be stress-tested in this data-file, requiring a $500/kW fee for fast-frequency response, to generate a 10% IRR on c$10,000/kWh of capex costs, on a typical flywheel plant with around 15-minutes of energy storage. The rise of renewables and AI increasingly requires adding inertia to power grids. Flywheels may be one…
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Battery gigafactory capex costs?
This data-file captures battery Gigafactory capex costs, by region, by chemistry, by company and over time, by looking across a sample of 40 major projects. Capex costs average $80/kWh-pa of capacity. Each GWH pa of capacity is associated with 70 full-time employees.
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Peak loads: can batteries displace gas peakers?
Peak loads in power grids are caused by heatwaves (in the US) and cold snaps (in Europe), which last 2-14 days. This 16-page report finds that very large batteries would be needed to ride through these episodes, costing 2-20x more than gas peakers. But the outlook differs interestingly between the US vs Europe.
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Power grid bottlenecks: flattening the curve?
Will persistent grid bottlenecks de-rail electricity growth? This 18-page report explores using batteries and smart energy systems to reduce the need for new power lines. This option can be surprisingly economical, when back-tested on real-world load profiles. Hence we are upgrading our battery outlook.
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Battery swapping: off to the races?
Battery swapping has seen a sudden surge of interest, especially for cars in China, some heavy vehicles, and two-wheelers throughout emerging markets. Can the theme re-accelerate EVs? This 19-page report finds many advantages, controversies over costs, and profiles leading companies.
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