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…estimates, but uncertainty is high. The energy intensity of internet traffic spans across data-centers, transmission networks and local networking equipment. Again, different estimates from different technical papers can vary by…
…data servers in data centers (page 4) and transmission and networking (page 5). It is a minefield. Different studies disagree by five orders of magnitude over the energy intensity of…
…energy. If this energy is going to be harnessed for useful work, then there may also be small additional losses for important power electronics, transformers and power transmission. What determines…
…transmission and 10-20% covers other administrative costs of utilities. The CO2 intensity of the global average power grid is 0.45 kg/kWh. Variations are wide. And there is a -35% correlation…
…overhead transmission cables for power grids, for light-weighting vehicles to improve their fuel economy, for aircraft frames, for the frames of solar panels, and in the heat exchangers that enable…
…for the energy transition. A wind turbine uses 67 tons of cement per MW. So too might foundations of utility scale solar, power transmission lines, or the “pads” used to…
…grids? Electricity rises from 40% of useful energy today to 60% by 2050 (note here). All else equal, this requires transmission infrastructure, distribution infrastructure and power grid capex to rise…
…investment to reduce night-time electricity loads, such as efficient lighting systems. Note that retail electricity prices are higher than wholesale prices, as they also include transmission, distribution, utility costs and…
This data-file aggregates the costs of STATCOMs and SVCs. At the risk of drowning you in acronyms, these are all FACTS, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System components. STATCOMs are Static…
…best quantified in $/kW terms, or even per kW-km of transmission and distribution distance. https://thundersaidenergy.com/downloads/wind-and-solar-costs-of-grid-inter-connection/ Resolving Duality: $/kW or $/kWh? When we add up the total installed costs of a…