Search results for: “direct air capture”
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Heating-melting: how much energy is needed?
How do we quantify the minimum energy needed to heat materials and melt materials? This data-file calculates values, in kWh/ton, from first principles, based on target temperatures, specific heat capacities and latent heat capacities. A good rule of thumb is 25 kWh of useful energy to heat each ton of material by each 100ºC.
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CANSOLV: CCS amine case study?
CANSOLV is a proprietary CCS amine being commercialized by Shell since 2014. This data-file aggregates data into its reboiler duties (2.4-3.2 GJ/ton), amine emissions to air (can be below 0.2ppm) and degradation rates (pretty decent, especially up to 2,500 hours). Interest in workable CCS amines has been accelerating since early-2023.
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Electromagnetic energy: Planck, Shockley-Queisser, power beaming?
Electromagentic radiation is a form of energy, exemplified by light, infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves and radiowaves. What is the energy content of light? How much of it can be captured in a solar module? And what implications? We answer these questions by explaining the Planck Equation and Shockley-Queisser limit from first principles.
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Lithium from brines: the economics?
This data-file approximates the costs of battery-grade lithium from brines, via traditional salars the emerging technology of direct lithium extraction. Costs are c40-60% lower than mined lithium in ($/ton of lithium carbonate equivalent). CO2 intensity is 50-80% lower (in kg/kg).
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Labor costs of coal production: labor productivity and salaries?
This data-file estimates the labor costs of coal production, as a function of labor productivities and salaries, by region and over time. As a global average, across the 3M global coal mine employees captured in the data-file, labor productivity runs at 2,500 tons of coal per employee per year, average salary is $14k pp pa,…
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Wind turbine generators: DFIGs or Rare Earth magnets?
Wind turbines can use doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) or permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) based around Rare Earth metals. This data-file captures the trends in DFIGs vs PMSGs over time by tabulating 40 examples, as turbines have grown larger, and different wind turbine manufacturers have adopted different strategies.
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US electric utilities: transmission and distribution costs?
This data-file evaluates transmission and distribution costs, averaging 7c/kWh in 2024, based on granular disclosures for 200 regulated US electric utilities, which sell 65% of the US’s total electricity to 110M residential and commercial customers. Costs have doubled since 2005. Which utilities have rising rate bases and efficiently low opex?
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Semiconductors: outlook in energy transition?
Semiconductors are an energy technology. And they are transforming the future global energy complex, across AI, solar, electric vehicles, LEDs and other new energies. This short article summarizes our outlook for semiconductors in energy transition, and resultant opportunities across our work.
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Hydrogen: what GWP and climate impacts?
Hydrogen is an indirect GWP, as it breaks down in the atmosphere over 1-2 years, increasing the lifespan of other GHGs, such as methane. So what is hydrogen GWP versus methane? 1 ton of atmospheric H2 most likely causes 11x more warming than 1 ton of CO2 (the number for methane is 34x). Eight conclusions…
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Polyurethane: production costs?
Polyurethane production costs are estimated at $2.5-3.0/kg in our base case model, which looks line-by-line across the inputs and outputs, of a complex, twenty stage production process, which ultimately yields spandex-lycra fibers. Costs depend on oil, gas and hydrogen input prices.
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