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  • Energy intensity of AI: chomping at the bit?

    Energy intensity of AI: chomping at the bit?

    Rising energy demands of AI are now the biggest uncertainty in all of global energy. To understand why, this 17-page note is an overview of AI computing from first principles, across transistors, DRAM, GPUs and deep learning. GPU efficiency will inevitably increase, but compute increases faster. AI most likely uses 300-2,500 TWH in 2030, with…

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  • Internet energy consumption: data, models, forecasts?

    Internet energy consumption: data, models, forecasts?

    This data-file forecasts the energy consumption of the internet, rising from 800 TWH in 2022 to 2,000 TWH in 2030 and 3,750 TWH by 2050. The main driver is the energy consumption of AI, plus blockchains, rising traffic, and offset by rising efficiency. Input assumptions to the model can be flexed. Underlying data are from…

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  • Energy transition market sizing: hydrocarbon, new energies, capital goods and materials?

    Energy transition market sizing: hydrocarbon, new energies, capital goods and materials?

    This data-file contains energy transition market sizing analysis, for hydrocarbons, new energies, capital goods and materials in $bn pa, integrating over 1,000 items of energy transition research and our latest roadmap to net zero. In aggregate, energy, materials and transition-related markets double from $25 trn pa to $50 trn pa.

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  • Wind and solar capacity additions?

    Wind and solar capacity additions?

    Global wind and solar capacity additions reached 600GW pa (AC-basis) in 2024, which is 2x higher than in 2021 and 10x higher than in 2011. The pace of gross wind and solar capacity additions can rise by a further 5x by 2050, bringing wind and solar to 60% of a greatly expanded global power grid…

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  • EV fast charging: opening the electric floodgates?

    EV fast charging: opening the electric floodgates?

    This 14-page note explains the crucial power-electronics in an electric vehicle fast-charging station, running at 150-350kW. Most important are power-MOSFETs, comprising c5-10% of charger costs. The market trebles by the late 2020s.

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  • Energy transition: the very hungry caterpillar?

    Energy transition: the very hungry caterpillar?

    The universe of energy transition stocks seems small at first. 50 clean tech companies have $1trn in combined value, less than 1% of all global equities. But decarbonizing the world is insatiable. Consuming ever more sectors. We are now following over $15trn of market cap across new energies, (clean) conventional energy, utilities, capital goods, mining,…

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  • Global tin demand: upside in energy transition?

    Global tin demand: upside in energy transition?

    Global tin demand stands at 400kTpa in 2023 and rises by 2.5x to 1MTpa in 2050 as part of the energy transition. 50% of today’s tin market is for solder, which sees growing application in the rise of the internet, rise of EVs and rise of solar. Global tin supply and demand can be stress-tested…

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  • Omniscience: how will AI reshape the energy transition?

    Omniscience: how will AI reshape the energy transition?

    AI will be a game-changer for global energy efficiency, saving 10x more energy than it consumes directly, closing ‘thermodynamic gaps’ where 80-90% of all primary energy is wasted today. Leading corporations will harness AI to lower costs and accelerate decarbonization. This 19-page note explores opportunities.

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  • LEDs: seeing the light?

    LEDs: seeing the light?

    Lighting is 2% of global energy, 6% of electricity, 25% of buildingsโ€™ energy. LEDs are 2-20x more efficient than alternatives. Hence this 16-page report is our outlook for LEDs in the energy transition. We think LED market share doubles to c100% in the 2030s, to save energy, especially in solar-heavy grids. But demand is also…

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