Search results for: “industrial heat”
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Cost of capturing CO2 using membranes?
This economic model captures the costs of capturing CO2 using membranes, with a base case of $50/ton to earn 10% IRRs on early commercial deployments, and a possibility of deflating to $20/ton in next-generation membranes. This requires $50/m2 membranes, with 100-2,500 GPU permeance and 125-200x selectivity.
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Blue ammonia projects: a screen?
This data-file captures a sample of 30MTpa of blue ammonia projects from 1980 to 2030, including their location, companies, timings (year of FID, year of start-up), their sizes (in MTpa), their CO2 reductions (in %), their capex costs (in $M, where disclosed) and the implied capex costs ($/Tpa). We have also summarized each project with…
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Energy intensity of fiber optic cables?
What is the energy intensity of fiber optic cables? Our best estimate is that moving each GB of internet traffic through the fixed network requires 40Wh/GB of energy, across 20 hops, spanning 800km and requiring an average of 0.05 Wh/GB/km. Generally, long-distance transmission is 1-2 orders of magnitude more energy efficient than short-distance.
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Electrostatic precipitator: costs of particulate removal?
Electrostatic precipitator costs can add 0.5 c/kWh onto coal or biomass-fired electricity prices, in order to remove over 99% of the dusts and particulates from exhaust gases. Electrostatic precipitators cost $50/kWe of up-front capex to install. Energy penalties average 0.2%. These systems are also important upstream of CCS plants.
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Pressure swing adsorption: energy economics?
Pressure swing adsorption purifies gases according to their differing tendencies to adsorb onto adsorbents under pressure. Pressure swing adsorption costs $0.1/kg when separating pure hydrogen from reformers, and $2-3/mcf when separating bio-methane from biogas. Our cost breakdowns include capex, opex, maintenance, zeolite replacement, compression power and CO2 costs.
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Hydrogen reformers: SMR versus ATR?
Blue hydrogen value chains are gaining momentum. Especially in the US. So this 16-page note contrasts steam-methane reforming (SMR) versus autothermal reforming (ATR). Each has merits and challenges. ATR looks excellent for clean ammonia. While the IRA creates CCS upside for todayโs SMR incumbents, across industrial gases, refining and chemicals.
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Commodity prices: metals, materials and chemicals?
Annual commodity prices are tabulated in this database for 70 material commodities, as a useful reference file; covering steel prices, other metal prices, chemicals prices, polymer prices, with data going back to 2012, all compared in $/ton. We have updated the data-file for 2024 data in May-2025.
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California electricity prices by hour?
In 2023, power grids with c20-30% solar variation tend to have intra-day spreads of 9c/kWh, between peak wholesale electricity prices at 8pm and trough prices at 10am. Unusually, night-time electricity prices are 40% higher than day-time prices. This data-file quantifies California electricity prices, on a wholesale basis, at a sample of grid nodes, looking hour…
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Energy transition: ten positive themes?
It can feel gloomy, forecasting 2-6% global energy shortages, bottlenecks on material value chains that must scale by 3-30x, and even fearing that global conflicts will volatilize commodity prices. Yet there are ten themes that particularly excite us, presented here, from faster technology progress, to world-changing efficiency technologies and a new age of โadvanced materialsโ.
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Mitsui Chemicals: solar encapsulants?
Solar encapsulants are 300-500ฮผm thick films, protecting solar cells from moisture, dirt and degradation; electrically insulating them at 4 x 10^15 ฮฉcm resistivity; and yet allowing 90% light transmittance. The industry is moving away from commoditized EVA towards specialized blends of co-polymers and additives. Is there a growing moat around Mitsui Chemicals’ solar encapsulants?
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