the research consultancy for energy technologies
…of water and steam make this industry one of the least heat-efficient globally. Heat exchangers and heat pumps can help. But they may actually increase CO2 intensity if electricity replaces…
Industrial heat comprises around 20% of global CO2 emissions, but around half of all the heat generated may ultimately be wasted. Hence, this model simplifies the economics of waste heat recovery,…
…efficiency in the context of industrial heating, arguing that granular and case-specific efficiency gains are needed, rather than over-simplified statements such as “electrify everything” (below). https://thundersaidenergy.com/2021/02/18/industrial-heat-the-myth-of-electrify-everything/ But what is efficiency?…
This data-file quantifies the energy needed to produce steam, for industrial heat, power, chemicals, CCS plants and hydrogen reforming. As rules of thumb, low pressure saturated steam at 100◦C requires…
This data-file summarizes different heating technologies, predominantly electric heating technologies, used to supply process heat within industry. The file covers convection heating, infrared radiant heat, immersion coils, electric ovens and…
How do we quantify the minimum energy needed to heat materials and melt materials? This data-file calculates values, in kWh/ton, from first principles, based on target temperatures, specific heat capacities…
…(absorbing heat), then re-releases that heat elsewhere by compressing and re-condensing the refrigerant (releasing the heat). Strictly, therefore, all air conditions are heat pumps. However, in this data-file, we are…
…cooler reservoir. Entropy is the ratio of heat energy flux to absolute temperature. When the heat energy leaving the heat source divided by the absolute temperature of that heat source…
What chemicals are used as refrigerants? This data-file is a breakdown of the c1MTpa market for refrigerants, across refrigerators, air conditioners, in vehicles, industrial chillers, and increasingly, heat pumps. The…
…transportation, heat, electricity, materials and manufacturing. Numbers, calculations, efficiencies and heating temperatures are in the data-file. $799.00 – Purchase Checkout Added to cart Primary global energy demand runs at 160,000 TWH pa….