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Global plastic demand: breakdown by product, region and use?
Global plastic is estimated at 530MTpa in 2025, rising to 1GTpa by 2050. This data-file is a breakdown of global plastic demand, by product, by region and by end use, with historical data back to 1990 and our forecasts out to 2050. Our top conclusions for plastic demand, by region, by product, by fate, are…
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Global gas supply-demand in energy transition?
Global gas supply-demand is predicted to rise from 400bcfd in 2023 to 650bcfd by 2050, in our outlook, as a complement to wind, solar, nuclear, and as global coal resources mature from the 2030s onwards. This data-file quantifies global gas demand and supply by country, across heating, power and industry.
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Biofuel technologies: an overview?
Biofuels are currently displacing 3.5Mboed of oil and gas. But they are not carbon-free, and their weighted average CO2 emissions are only c50% lower. This data-file breaks down the biofuels market across seven key feedstocks, to help identify which opportunities can scale for the lowest costs and CO2, versus others that require further technical progress.
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Vehicles: energy transition conclusions?
Vehicles transport people and freight around the world, explaining 70% of global oil demand, 30% of global energy use, 20% of global CO2e emissions. This overview summarizes all of our research into vehicles, and key conclusions for the energy transition.
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Carbon capture and storage: research conclusions?
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) prevents CO2 from entering the atmosphere. Options include the amine process, blue hydrogen, novel combustion technologies and cutting edge sorbents and membranes. Total CCS costs range from $80-130/ton. This article summarizes conclusions from our carbon capture and storage research.
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Global coal supply-demand: outlook in energy transition?
Global coal supply-demand remained at all-time peak levels of 8.8GTpa in 2025, of which 7.6GTpa is thermal coal and 1.1GTpa is metallurgical. The largest consumers are China (4.9GTpa), India (1.3GTpa), other Asia (1.3GTpa), Europe (0.4GTpa) and the US (0.4GTpa). This model presents our forecasts for global coal supply-demand from 1990 to 2050.
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Industrial insulation: heat losses and temperatures?
This data-file is a calculator for steam pipe insulation, calculating heat losses and external temperatures of hot surfaces from first principles, as a function of the industrial insulation thickness. Higher energy prices incentivize additional insulation, although there can be diminishing returns. The global market for insulation materials is $70bn pa, of which $10-15bn is for…
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US shale: outlook and forecasts?
This model sets out our US shale production forecasts by basin. It covers the Permian, Bakken, Eagle Ford, Marcellus/Utica and Haynesville, as a function of the rig count, drilling productivity, completion rates, well productivity and type curves. The data-file was last updated in May-2025, revising liquids growth negative in 2025-26, which in turn tightens US…
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Heat potential: what if AI can load-shift hot water tanks?
Residential heat is 13% of global energy. So what if AI could optimize residential electric heating? This 16-page report finds that load-shifting hot water tanks can unlock 1.5-8.5% additional flexibility in grids and make air source heat pumps the lowest cost option for heat in Europe, eclipsing gas-combi boilers, saving $300 per household per year?
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Residential heating energy from first principles?
This data-file models residential heating energy from first principles, taking an example in Northern Europe, for a house with 150m2 floor space, requiring 15MWth of heat (space heating and hot water), which is met by consuming 5MWH-e pa in a heat pump, costing $1,500/year. But this can also be optimized.
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