Integrated energy: a new model?
…Four building blocks for a zero-carbon energy mix are outlined on pages 2-5. They include wind, solar, gas-fired CHPs and gas-fired CCGTs. Costs, CO2 intensities and key debates are reviewed…
Established technologies: hiding in plain sight?
…first electric wind turbine was built in Scotland in 1887 and the first PV silicon was produced at Bell Laboratories in 1954. Today wind and solar comprise 9% of global…
Energy intensity by country: how does it change as income increases?
…to cart We have cross-plotted GDP per capita versus total primary energy, total useful energy, total CO2 emissions and the relative shares of coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, wind, solar and…
Manufacturing methods: an overview?
…useful reference file or ‘cheat sheet’, for decision-makers increasingly exploring new solar cells, battery recycling or materials used in the energy transition. To read our latest commentary on manufacturing methods, please…
World’s largest energy assets: by category and risk?
…wind farm (4TWH pa) or solar asset (4TWH pa). The main risks for large assets are one-offs, such as outages, political disputes and outright sabotage. But the energy industry is…
CO2 intensity: Scope 1, 2 & 3 and Scope 4 emissions?
…biofuels, wind, solar, nuclear, hydrogen, CCUS, EVs, heat pumps and forestry. Next we calculate the Scope 1&2 CO2 emissions involved in producing the energy product. Then we calculate the Scope…
Scope 4 emissions: avoided CO2 has value?
…with deeply negative Scope 1-4 CO2 emissions — sometimes achieving 3x more net CO2 abatement per $1bn of investment than wind, solar and EVs — have been unsuccessful in attractive…
How does CO2 increase global temperature?
…energy outflows. Energy inflows come from the sun, and are approximated by the ‘solar constant’, at 1,361 W/m2. Energy outflows are radiated back into space, and are approximated by the…
How does methane increase global temperature?
…an overview of the key ideas. Greenhouse gases absorb and then rapidly re-radiate infra-red radiation. This creates a less direct pathway for solar radiation to be reflected back into space….
Silica producers: screen of leading companies?
…the outlook get more interesting in the energy transition? Our solar outlook requires an additional 20-30MTpa of specialty glasses (bill of materials here), which comprise 50% of the mass of…