Search results for: “climate model”
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Mangrove restoration: what costs for carbon offsets?
A CO2 price of $130/ton is needed to earn a 10% IRR on a US mangrove restoration project. c30% is the cost of labor and c30% is land leasing. But costs in the emerging world are lower, at $15-35/ton. They can be as low as $3/ton in the best cases, if restoring nature is treated…
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Lithium: global demand forecasts?
This data-file estimates global demand for lithium as part of the energy transition. The market has already trebled from 23kTpa in 2010 to 65kTpa in 2020, while we see the ascent continuing to 500kTpa in 2030 and almost 2MTpa in 2050. 90% is driven by transport. Global reserves suffice to cover the demand.
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Next-generation plastics: bioplastic, biodegradable, recycled?
This data-file captures 17 plastic products derived from mechanical recycling, biologically-sourced feedstocks or that is bio-degradable. The ‘greenest” plastics are c30% lower in CO2 than conventional plastics, but around 2x more costly.
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Seaweed aquaculture: farming kelp and CO2?
This data-file captures the economics of ocean carbon sequestration using seaweeds and kelps, which generate 20T of dry biomass per acre per year, of which c10% is naturally sequestered in the deep ocean. $400/ton revenues are needed for 10% IRRs, but dry kelp realizations are 10x more important than CO2 prices.
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Gas-to-liquids: the economics?
This data-file captures the economics of gas-to-liquids via Fischer-Tropsch. Our base case requires $100/bbl realizations for a 10% IRR on a US project. You can stress-test the economics as a function of gas prices, capex costs, thermal efficiencies, et al, in the data-file.
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Power-to-liquids: the economics?
Liquid transport fuels with almost no CO2 emissions could be created from renewable energy, by electrolysing water and CO2, then combining the hydrogen and CO, e.g., via Fischer Tropsch. This simple models stress tests the economics. Our base case estimates are for costs between $400-600/bbl ($10-14/gallon).
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Aluminium production: energy economics?
This data-file captures the energy economics of aluminium production via electrolysis, breaking down the costs line-by-line. The overall process emits 10kg of CO2 per kg of aluminium. 10% IRRs are achievable at recent prices of $2.3/kg. But challenges are illustrated for environmental policy.
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Ethanol from corn: the economics?
This data-file captures the economics of producing ethanol from corn. Our base case requires a price of $1.6/gallon of ethanol for a 10% IRR on a new greenfield plant, equivalent to $2.4/gallon gasoline. 40% of the US corn crop is diverted into biofuels, but the rationale is marginal.
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Ethanol-to-ethylene: the economics?
This data-file captures the economics of producing bio-ethylene by dehydration of ethanol. We estimate an ethylene price of $1,600/Tpa is required for a 10% IRR, which is almost 2x higher than a conventional ethane cracker. In a best case scenario, costs could fall below $1,000/ton.
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Battery recycling: the economics?
This data-file models the economics of recycling spent lithium ion batteries, taking in waste cells, and recovering materials such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, copper, aluminium, lithium and steel. It currently looks challenging to generate acceptable IRRs without charging a disposal fee in the range of $1,700-2,000/ton. This could change through more automated processes.
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