Industry Data
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Starship space launch: energy and capital goods?
How much energy would be required to support ongoing launches of Starship spacecrafts into Low Earth Orbit? And what capital equipment would be needed to liquefy this LNG fuel and oxygen propellant? This data-file calculates hourly launches would require 1.4bcfd of gas, 9MTpa of LNG liquefaction, 34MTpa of oxygen ASUs, 1.4GW of compression power and…
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US electricity demand: by sector, by use, over time?
US electricity sales reached 4,430 TWH in 2024, rising +3% YoY, and bringing the trailing ten-year CAGR to 1% pa. The current breakdown is 37% residential, 37% commercial, 26% industrial. All three are now growing. To help understand load growth, this data-file is a breakdown of US electricity demand by sector, by use and over…
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US gas power: generation by facility over time?
US gas power generation by facility is broken down in this data-file, across 1,850 active gas-power plants, supplying 40% of all US electricity. Descriptive statistics are available in the summary tab, a state-by-state breakdown follows in the PlantsByState tab and underlying data on all 3,000 historical facilities are provided in the AllGasPlants tab.
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Duck curves: US power price duckiness over time?
In solar-heavy grids, power prices trough around mid-day, then ramp up rapidly as the sunset. This price distribution over time is known as the duck curve. US power prices are getting 25-30% more ducky each year, based on some forms of measurement. Power prices are clearly linked to the instantaneous share of wind/solar in grids.
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Grid connection costs: wind, solar, power, data centers?
Cost of grid connection is shaping up to be a major bottleneck for the continued acceleration of new energies. A good baseline is to expect $100-300/kW of grid inter-connection costs, or $3-10/kW-km, over a typical distance of 10-70 km. But the requirement to fund network upgrade costs can push grid connections to cost more than…
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Solar costs: a breakdown over time?
Solar costs have deflated by 70% in the past decade to $800/kW in 2025. 60% has been the scale-up to mass manufacturing, and 40% has been rising efficiency of solar modules. Doubling the efficiency, and thereby the output of solar modules, can halve costs again.
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Gas turbine breakdown by component?
A large industrial gas turbine contains over 100,000 components. This data-file breaks down a gas turbine by component, across 45 component types, explaining what each component does, estimating its typical mass (in kg), its typical cost (in $/kW and $/kg) and how it is manufactured.
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AI for materials development: case studies?
How is AI affecting materials development? This Excel data-file tabulates 20 recent case studies, across pharmaceuticals, solar, batteries, CCS, plastics, semiconductors, superalloys and superconductors. We conclude AI is a step-change for improved materials development, it is happening now and it is commercially relevant.
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Costs of space launch: satellites, rockets and fuel?
The cost of low-Earth orbit satellites has declined at about 5-10% pa, since the year 2000. A satellite costs $100,000-200,000/kg. Launch costs are now $1,000-10,000/kg, although the scatter is broad, and potentially higher for small payloads on low-utilization rockets. Within that, fuel costs are around $10/kg. This data-file captures the costs of space launch.
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DC-DC power converters: efficiency calculations?
DC-DC power converters are used to alter the voltage in DC circuits, such as in wind turbines, solar MPPT, batteries and digital/computing devices. This data-file is a breakdown of DC-DC power converters’ electrical efficiency, which will typically be around 95%. Losses are higher at low loads. We think there will be upside for increasingly high-quality…
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