the research consultancy for energy technologies
…20% oxygen fraction from air in a cryogenic air separation unit average $100/ton using 300kWh/ton of electricity (model here). If you have a concentrated CO2 stream (e.g., 10-40%) then cryogenics…
…historically. However new markets are emerging, from cryogenic cycles through to applications focused on shale (although the latter requires avoiding the corrosive impacts of sand and debris in fluid streams)….
…IRR on a large production facility, and after reflecting capex costs, feedstock gas prices, heat, electricity, cryogenic oxygen, opex costs and CO2 prices. Production costs are most sensitive to input…
…water, a vacuum pump can be used to lower the pressure (chart below). Effectively this is a swing adsorption process rather than a cryogenic process. How does AirJoule technology work?…
…booms. In industrial gases, there is also a fascinating shift underway, where pressuring swing adsorption (using compressors and vacuum pumps, note here) is much more flexible than cryogenic plants that…
…(ethane cracking), the coldest of which reaches -200ºC (cryogenic air separation), but the average process takes place at 200ºC. PET is produced from the condensation polymerization of PTA and ethylene…
…other separation technologies, and the growing capability to backstop volatile renewables (demand shifting). Compressors and vacuum pumps are simply more flexible than cryogenics, per pages 13-14. Leading companies in Pressure…
…the data-file to stress-test your own economic assumptions, and for the breakdown of pressure swing adsorption costs. Other techniques for gas separations include amine separations, membrane separations and cryogenic separations….
…capturing the CO2 from natural gas combustion, then transporting it away in the same cryogenic carriers that are bringing in the LNG? The volume maths work (page 4). But there…
…turn requires cryogenic air separation. If the world’s sulphur and H2SO4 mostly come from 1,000 refineries and oil processing facilities, this might raise a question in the energy transition about…