Search results for: “small scale LNG”
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Carbon capture: how big is the opportunity?
This 13-page note quantifies the upside case for CCS in the United States, using top-down and bottom-up calculations. Our conclusion is that a clear, $100/ton incentive could help CCS scale by c25x, accelerating over 500MTpa of projects in the next decade, cutting US CO2 by 10%.
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Power electronics: market size in energy transition?
We describe c15 problems incurred by industrial and commercial power consumers. Many will require additional investment as renewables replace the large rotating generators of traditional power grids. Hence we see the market for commercial and industrial power electronics trebling from $360bn pa in 2021 to $1trn pa by 2035.
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Compressor costs: a simple overview?
This data-file aims to give a helpful, basic overview of the $40bn pa compressor market, between centrifugal, reciprocating and screw compressors. A typical industrial unit is 50kW and costs $850/kW on an installed basis. Companies and efficiency calculations are also given.
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Power plants: cold starts and ramp rates?
This data-file aggregates the ramp-up rates of power generation sources, as they start up from “cold”, and then as they ramp up (in MW per minute). Hydro and simple cycle gas turbines are fastest, followed by CCGTS, coal and nuclear.
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Global coal supply-demand: outlook in energy transition?
Global coal use likely hit a new all-time peak of 8.8GTpa in 2024, of which 7.6GTpa is thermal coal and 1.1GTpa is metallurgical. The largest consumers are China (5GTpa), India (1.3GTpa), other Asia (1.2GTpa), Europe (0.4GTpa) and the US (0.4GTpa). This model presents our forecasts for global coal supply-demand from 1990 to 2050.
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ESS: redox flow battery breakthrough?
ESS is emerging as a leader in medium-duration energy storage (4-12 hours), with an iron flow battery costing 2-5c/kWh (assuming >daily cycling) and lasting 20,000 cycles. The patent library is high quality. We note five challenges to consider. The largest is round-trip efficiency.
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European energy use: by industry, by fuel, by country?
Europe comprises 7% of the world’s population, and 17% of its energy use. The purpose of this data-file is to disaggregate energy use across 25 industries, six energy types and 28 countries. This suggests which industries might be least painful to scale back amidst energy shortages.
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Finnish forests: a two billion ton CO2 case-study?
Can forestry remove CO2 from the atmosphere at multi-GTpa scale? This 19-page note is a case study from Finland, where detailed data goes back a century. 70% of the country is forest. It is managed sustainably, equitably, economically. And forests have sequestered 2GT of CO2 in the past century, offsetting two-thirds of the country’s fossil…
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Direct lithium extraction: ten grains of salt?
Direct Lithium Extraction from brines could help lithium scale 30x in the Energy Transition; with costs and CO2 intensities 30-70% below mined lithium; while avoiding the 1-2 year time-lags of evaporative salars. This 15-page note reviews the top ten challenges that decision-makers need to de-risk.
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CATL: sodium ion battery breakthrough?
CATL produces one-third of the world’s lithium ion batteries. Its patents have warned of devastating lithium shortages since at least 2016. Hence in 2021, it announced it would produce commercial sodium-ion batteries by 2023. The technical challenges are captured in its patent library. We cannot fully de-risk its 2023 target.
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