Hydrogen: lost in transportation?
…hydrogen pipelines and chemical hydrogen carriers (e.g., ammonia). Midstream costs will be 2-10x higher than comparable gas value chains, while up to 50% of hydrogen’s embedded energy may be lost…
Pipeline costs: moving oil, products or other liquids?
…energy and CO2 intensities of different pipelines (below). Generally wider pipelines, correctly sized, with smooth internal surfaces will be the most energy efficient and have the lowest CO2 intensities. You…
CCS: what CO2 purity for transport and disposal?
…CO2. But impurities require higher pressures before CO2 reaches supercriticality. Larger pipelines are also required to move larger quantities of gas at higher pressures. This matters because larger pipelines with…
Hydrocarbon Energy Research
…offshore wind, 7-years for new pipelines, 7-years for new oil and gas projects, 9-years for new LNG plants and 13-years for new nuclear plants. This data-file reviews 35 case studies….
Industry Research
…are used in gas turbines, wind turbines, pipelines, CCS, power transmission. Download Bulk shipping: cost breakdown? Bulk carriers move 5GTpa of commodities around the world, explaining half of all seaborne…
Gas dehydration: costs and economics?
…reducing the water content of natural gas are to avoid issues in downstream equipment and pipelines, such as plugging or hydrate formation. For example, as an LNG plant cools the…
Metals and materials: strength and temperature resistance?
…and jet engines; why glass fiber and carbon fiber are used in wind turbine blades; why traces of Rare Earth metals are introduced into high-pressure pipelines for gas transportation or…
Moving targets: molecules, electrons or data ?!
New AI data-centers are facing bottlenecked power grids. Hence this 15-page note compares the costs of constructing new power lines, gas pipelines or fiber optic links for GW-scale computing. The…
Costs of biogas upgrading to biomethane?
…facilities. It is important to remove the most harmful impurities before combusting biogas, while to make biogas fully fungible with natural gas, and blendable into pipelines, it should be upgraded…
Phasing out gas: five hidden consequences?
…(note and data-file below). https://thundersaidenergy.com/2019/12/15/global-gas-catch-methane-if-you-can/ https://thundersaidenergy.com/downloads/gas-pipelines-how-much-energy-co2-and-methane-leaks/ (4) Bankrupted distributors? Once c75% of the customers have left a gas network, it will become very difficult for these gas distributors to remain…