Global heat pump sales by country?
…such as Norway and Sweden. The largest category is reversible air-air units (45%), reversible air-water (30%), while only c10% of the sales in Europe have been ground-source heat pumps, based…
Adiabatic flame temperature: hydrogen, methane and oil products?
…in air. This need for super-high process temperatures is a key driver behind global industry’s 400MTpa oxygen demand, per our note below. https://thundersaidenergy.com/2023/05/31/industrial-gases-air-separation-units/ Flame temperature: can you blend hydrogen into…
Industrial materials: thermodynamic efficiency?
…does not occur naturally: it needs to be separated out of air, overcoming the entropy of mixing, using air separation technology. So in our analysis, our thermodynamic minimum (i) adds…
Power beaming: into thin air?
…channel something out of Dune II, they could be used to power flying aircraft or to beam solar power from space (pages 7-8). The efficiency of beaming power, from generation…
Leading Companies Commercialising Heat Pumps?
…is informed by tracking 70,000 patents since 2000, focusing in upon 4,000 Western-centric patents from 2017-19, and also considering customer reviews. Note this screen is mostly focused on air/air heat…
Electrostatic precipitator: costs of particulate removal?
…problematic for air permitting and air quality. Also important for CCS stability are flue gas desulfurization (remove SO2) and selective catalytic reduction (remove NOXs). Leading companies in electrostatic precipitators are…
Industrial gas separation: swing producers?
…looking to use PSA for air separations, instead of cryogenics. Energy costs can be materially lower, and flexibility to backstop renewables can be materially higher, versus incumbent air separation technologies…
DAC to the future?
…Added to cart Direct air capture (DAC) aims to pull CO2 out of atmospheric air in order to mitigate climate change caused by the greenhouse effect. Historically, we have found…
Carbon capture and storage: research conclusions?
…20% oxygen fraction from air in a cryogenic air separation unit average $100/ton using 300kWh/ton of electricity (model here). If you have a concentrated CO2 stream (e.g., 10-40%) then cryogenics…
De-Carbonising Cars. Can Oxy-Combustion Save Gasoline?
…of Salt Lake City, Utah and Air Products. Aramco has also patented its own membrane cell designs (image below). The drawback is that these membranes require high temperatures (700-800F). But…